The paper presents a model that conceptualizes the development of academic disciplines and related industries as intimately linked. The model predicts that the relative strength of a national industry which has a significant input of science or engineering knowledge is causally related to the strength of the relevant science or engineering discipline in the nation and vice versa. The model also applies to smaller (regional) or larger (supranational) geographic units. On the national level, the model predicts that over longer periods, a nation cannot remain weak in one domain and strong in the other. The two domains will either become both strong or both weak. A historical case study of synthetic dyes from 1857 to 1914 illustrates how these positive feedback processes led Germany and Switzerland to become strong both in organic chemistry and the dye industry, while Britain and France declined in both domains and the U.S. remained relatively weak in both domains for the entire period. Additional shorter case studies of American agriculture, packaged software, and biotechnology support the prediction of the model.